Military industrial complex and defence transformation in Nigeria: a critical analysis

Abstract

This study critically examines the Military-Industrial Complex (MIC) and defence transformation in Nigeria, situating it within the broader discourse of national security, economic development, and technological advancement. Historically, military-industrial capacity has been a cornerstone of national power, enabling states to safeguard sovereignty and address internal and external threats. In Nigeria, however, the Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria (DICON), established in 1964, has struggled to fulfil its mandate due to weak technological foundations, underfunding, mismanagement, and reliance on foreign suppliers. This research highlights how the absence of a robust MIC undermines the Armed Forces of Nigeria’s (AFN) capacity to respond effectively to insurgencies, particularly Boko Haram, and broader security challenges. The study further explores the theoretical underpinnings of the MIC, drawing on institutional, neoclassical, and Marxist perspectives, while stressing the transformative role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in modern warfare. Findings reveal that Nigeria’s MIC remains underdeveloped compared to counterparts in emerging economies like Brazil and South Africa, thereby constraining defence transformation. The paper concludes that revitalising DICON, strengthening research and development collaborations, and ensuring transparent funding mechanisms are essential for positioning Nigeria as a self-reliant and technologically advanced military power. Such transformation is not only critical to national security but also to industrial growth, international prestige, and sustainable development.